Norma Ngadunungan dan Delegitimasi Hukum Konservasi: Analisis Sosio-Legal atas Perdagangan Ilegal Monyet Ekor Panjang

Abstract

ABSTRAK
Eksploitasi monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) telah memicu krisis konservasi berskala global, namun penegakan hukum di Indonesia khususnya Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 kerap mengalami kebuntuan akibat kuatnya resistensi kultural. Selama ini, literatur terdahulu lebih banyak berfokus pada kelemahan sanksi pidana maupun dampak ekologis, namun luput melihat bagaimana manipulasi psikososial di tingkat tapak justru melumpuhkan hukum dari dalam. Mengisi celah penelitian (research gap) tersebut, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana konstruksi budaya lokal mendelegitimasi efektivitas hukum negara dalam ekosistem perdagangan satwa ilegal di Jawa Barat. Menggunakan desain kualitatif sosio-legal dengan paradigma fenomenologi, pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi partisipatif dan wawancara mendalam di episentrum perdagangan satwa (Pasar Sukahaji dan wilayah Majalaya). Data dianalisis menggunakan metode hermeneutika fenomenologis yang dikerangkai oleh Teori Interaksionisme Simbolik dan Teori Resepsi (Encoding/Decoding). Hasil penelitian menawarkan kebaruan konseptual (novelty) berupa temuan "Paradoks Ngadunungan", di mana pelaku mengonstruksi eksploitasi melalui kepedulian semu (pseudo-care). Manipulasi afektif ini terbukti secara sosiologis berhasil meniadakan niat melawan hukum dan rasa bersalah dalam kognisi pelaku, sehingga pesan konservasi negara tertolak secara total (oppositional decoding). Secara struktural, kelumpuhan hukum ini diperparah oleh infrastruktur shadow market yang klandestin, serta validasi komodifikasi visual melalui ruang gema (echo chamber) di ranah media sosial. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pendekatan represif murni tidak lagi memadai; intervensi sosio-legal mutlak diperlukan melalui pemutusan simpul jaringan hulu dan perumusan kebijakan yang menyasar kejahatan satwa siber (cyber-wildlife crime).

Kata kunci: Sosio-Legal; Fenomenologi; Monyet Ekor Panjang; Ngadunungan; Kejahatan Satwa Liar.

ABSTRACT
The exploitation of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) has triggered a global conservation crisis, yet law enforcement in Indonesia particularly Law No. 5 of 1990 frequently faces deadlocks due to strong cultural resistance. Previous literature has predominantly focused on the weaknesses of criminal sanctions and ecological impacts, overlooking how psychosocial manipulation at the grassroots level actually paralyzes the law from within. Filling this research gap, this study aims to analyze how local cultural constructions delegitimize the effectiveness of state law in the illegal wildlife trade ecosystem in West Java. Employing a qualitative socio-legal design with a phenomenological paradigm, data collection was conducted through participant observation and in-depth interviews at the epicenters of the wildlife trade (Sukahaji Market and the Majalaya region). Data were analyzed using phenomenological hermeneutics framed by Symbolic Interactionism and Reception Theory (Encoding/Decoding). The results offer conceptual novelty in the form of the "Ngadunungan Paradox," wherein perpetrators construct exploitation through pseudo-care. This affective manipulation is sociologically proven to successfully negate unlawful intent and guilt in the perpetrators' cognition, causing state conservation messages to be totally rejected (oppositional decoding). Structurally, this legal paralysis is exacerbated by clandestine shadow market infrastructure and the validation of visual commodification through echo chambers on social media platforms. This study concludes that purely repressive approaches are no longer adequate; socio-legal interventions are absolutely necessary by severing upstream network nodes and formulating policies targeting cyber-wildlife crime.

Keywords: Socio-Legal; Phenomenology; Long-tailed Macaque; Ngadunungan; Wildlife Crime.